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Showing posts with label ANDROID PENETRATION TESTING. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ANDROID PENETRATION TESTING. Show all posts

Saturday, December 31, 2016

ANDROID PT - DIVA / 13 - Input Validation Issues 3 - Buffer Overflow


INPUT VALIDATION ISSUES 3 - BUFFER OVERFLOW 


- Layout for this exercise:





- Connecting from Santoku to Nexus 5 with ADB:





- Launching the application: 





- Clicking the tab for challenge 13:




- The applications prompts the user to enter any input able to crash the app.

- Entering 1111 the application just answers "Access denied!":




- However, entering a long string of characters, let's say a string of 30 "1"s, the app stops after crashing:







- To understand what has happened inside the app, it is very convenient to examine the log generated by the command logcat.


- We see a fatal signal (SIGSEGV = segmentation fault, or segmentation violation), because the operating system considers protected the memory address 0x31313131 (0x31 is the ASCII code for character "1"):






- Looking up into the Java source code of the challenge, InputValidation3Activity.java:





- The application is using JNI (Java Native Interface), what suggests that the method DivaJni is related to a program written in other language:







- Going to the source code of the applications, there is a program divajni.c written in language C:




- Opening divajni.c, there is a constant (#define CODESIZEMAX 20) defining a maximum value of 20, later used to determine the size of the string code:







- Also, the function strcpy copies the string entered by the user over the variable code:




- The problem is that the function strcpy does not check whether the size of the destination's buffer is large enough to hold the source parameter. 


- A consequence of function strcpy bad usage is the corruption of memory or buffer overflow, and eventually the crash of the application.




ANDROID PT - DIVA / 12 - Hardcoding Issues 2 - Shared Object Files


HARCODING ISSUES 2 - SHARED OBJECT FILES

- Layout for this exercise:




- Connecting from Santoku to Nexus 5 with ADB:




- Launching the application: 





- Clicking the tab for challenge 12:




- The application prompts the user for a key. Introducing an invalid key the access is denied:




- Let's have a look to the Java source code of this challenge, Hardcode2Activity.java:




- First, it is important to notice that in this activity the JNI (Java Native Interface) is used to validate the access.


- Java Native Interface is a programming framework that enables Java code running in a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) to call and be called by applications and libraries written in other languages such as C, C++ and Assembly.






- The access method gets a text using JNI and checks whether the text entered by the user matches or not the valid key.






- Also, it is interesting to see the source code for DivaJni.java:









- Going into the application data directory, there is a lib directory:






- Inside the lib directory there is a libdivajni.so file:




.so (shared object) files are a type of dynamic libraries used with Unix systems (similar to .DLL's for Windows). Code stored inside a .so file is not embedded in a binary. Instead it's just referenced, so the executable will depend on it and the code from the .so file is just added/loaded at runtime.

.so files are usually written according to the ELF (Executable and Linkable Format) standard.

- In order to analyze the file, we can pull it out from the mobile device to Santoku:




- Now, the file is available to be opened at Santoku:





- Either objdump or readelf can be used to disassemble the file, and look up into the .rodata segment (read only data, storings constant data) of the program with similar results:







- Both outputs indicate the presence of a "suspicious" string ... maybe the secret key?




- Running strings command over the file libdivajni.so, the string olsdfgad;lh appears again:




- Finally, checking the source code of the application, the C program divajni.c holds the original C language program where the vendor key was stored as a constant (#define VENDORKEY "olsdfgad;lh"), and later compared with the function strncmp:











- The most important conclusion from this exercise would be to remember that developers often hardcode keys into .so files.

- To test the validity of the research, using the previous string the access is actually granted:







ANDROID PT - DIVA / 11 - Access Control Issues 3 - Content Provider Vulnerability


ACCESS CONTROL ISSUES 3 - CONTENT PROVIDER VULNERABILITY

- Layout for this exercise:





- Connecting from Santoku to Nexus 5 with ADB:




- Launching the application: 





- Let's see how the challenge 11 works. Clicking the tab:




- The user is prompted to create a PIN to protect private information stored on the application:




- Using the newly created PIN, access to some private notes is available: 







- The goal of this challenge is to bypass the access control provided by the PIN, being able to read the private notes from outside the application. 

- A content provider manages access to a central repository of data. A provider is part of an Android application, which often provides its own UI for working with the data. 

- However, a content provider is primarily intended to be used by other applications, which accesses the provider using a provider client object. In other words, content providers are the standard interface that connects data in one process with code running in another process. 

- Checking the source code for the activity AccessControl3Activity.java:











- Also, the source code of AccessControl3NotesActivity.java:











- In the same way, checking the AndroidManifest.xml, the content provider jakhar.aseem.diva.provider.notesprovider is detected. 

- One of its parameters is androd:exported="true", what makes it vulnerable to be accessed without permission. In order to make it secure, it should be put to either "false" or added a permission to access it:











- Using the finduri option by Drozer, the content provider is found:




- Running the query option by Drozer, the notes are available from Santoku, outside of the application:




- Also, adb shell content query can be used to access the notes: